---

ACE.h

Go to the documentation of this file.

/* -*- C++ -*- */

//=============================================================================
/**
 *  @file    ACE.h
 *
 *  $Id: ACE.h,v 1.1.1.4 2003/02/21 18:36:32 chad Exp $
 *
 *  @author Douglas C. Schmidt <schmidt@cs.wustl.edu>
 */
//=============================================================================

#ifndef ACE_ACE_H
#define ACE_ACE_H
#include "ace/pre.h"

#include "ace/OS.h"

#if !defined (ACE_LACKS_PRAGMA_ONCE)
# pragma once
#endif /* ACE_LACKS_PRAGMA_ONCE */

#include "ace/Flag_Manip.h"
#include "ace/Handle_Ops.h"
#include "ace/Lib_Find.h"
#include "ace/Init_ACE.h"
#include "ace/Sock_Connect.h"

// Forward declarations.
class ACE_Time_Value;
class ACE_Message_Block;
class ACE_Handle_Set;

// When log2 is defined as macro redefine it as acelog2
#if defined (log2)
# define acelog2 log2
# undef log2
#endif /* log2 */

/**
 * @class ACE
 *
 * @brief Contains value added ACE methods that extend the behavior
 * of the UNIX and Win32 OS calls.
 *
 * This class consolidates all these ACE static methods in a
 * single place in order to manage the namespace better.  These
 * methods are put here rather than in ACE_OS in order to
 * separate concerns.
 */
class ACE_Export ACE : public ACE_Flag_Manip, public ACE_Handle_Ops,
                       public ACE_Lib_Find, public ACE_Init_ACE,
                       public ACE_Sock_Connect
{

  ACE_CLASS_IS_NAMESPACE (ACE);
public:

  // = ACE version information.
  /// e.g., the "5" in ACE 5.1.12.
  static u_int major_version (void);

  /// e.g., the "1" in ACE 5.1.12.
  static u_int minor_version (void);

  /// e.g., the "12" in ACE 5.1.12.
  /// Returns 0 for "stable" (non-beta) releases.
  static u_int beta_version (void);

  // = C++ compiler version information.
  /// E.g., the "SunPro C++" in SunPro C++ 4.32.0
  static const ACE_TCHAR * compiler_name (void);

  /// E.g., the "4" in SunPro C++ 4.32.0
  static u_int compiler_major_version (void);

  /// E.g., the "32" in SunPro C++ 4.32.0
  static u_int compiler_minor_version (void);

  /// E.g., the "0" in SunPro C++ 4.32.0
  static u_int compiler_beta_version (void);

  /// Check if error indicates the process being out of handles (file
  /// descriptors).
  static int out_of_handles (int error);

  /**
   * @name I/O operations
   *
   * Notes on common parameters:
   *
   * <handle> is the connected endpoint that will be used for I/O.
   *
   * <buf> is the buffer to write from or receive into.
   *
   * <len> is the number of bytes to transfer.
   *
   * The <timeout> parameter in the following methods indicates how
   * long to blocking trying to transfer data.  If <timeout> == 0,
   * then the call behaves as a normal send/recv call, i.e., for
   * blocking sockets, the call will block until action is possible;
   * for non-blocking sockets, EWOULDBLOCK will be returned if no
   * action is immediately possible.
   *
   * If <timeout> != 0, the call will wait until the relative time
   * specified in *<timeout> elapses.
   *
   * The "_n()" I/O methods keep looping until all the data has been
   * transferred.  These methods also work for sockets in non-blocking
   * mode i.e., they keep looping on EWOULDBLOCK.  <timeout> is used
   * to make sure we keep making progress, i.e., the same timeout
   * value is used for every I/O operation in the loop and the timeout
   * is not counted down.
   *
   * The return values for the "*_n()" methods match the return values
   * from the non "_n()" methods and are specified as follows:
   *
   * - On complete transfer, the number of bytes transferred is returned.
   * - On timeout, -1 is returned, errno == ETIME.
   * - On error, -1 is returned, errno is set to appropriate error.
   * - On EOF, 0 is returned, errno is irrelevant.
   *
   * On partial transfers, i.e., if any data is transferred before
   * timeout/error/EOF, <bytes_transferred> will contain the number of
   * bytes transferred.
   *
   * Methods with <iovec> parameter are I/O vector variants of the I/O
   * operations.
   *
   * Methods with the extra <flags> argument will always result in
   * <send> getting called. Methods without the extra <flags> argument
   * will result in <send> getting called on Win32 platforms, and
   * <write> getting called on non-Win32 platforms.
   */
  //@{
  static ssize_t recv (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                       void *buf,
                       size_t len,
                       int flags,
                       const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

#if defined (ACE_HAS_TLI)

  static ssize_t t_rcv (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                        void *buf,
                        size_t len,
                        int *flags,
                        const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

#endif /* ACE_HAS_TLI */

  static ssize_t recv (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                       void *buf,
                       size_t len,
                       const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  static ssize_t recvmsg (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          struct msghdr *msg,
                          int flags,
                          const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  static ssize_t recvfrom (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           char *buf,
                           int len,
                           int flags,
                           struct sockaddr *addr,
                           int *addrlen,
                           const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  static ssize_t recv_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         void *buf,
                         size_t len,
                         int flags,
                         const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                         size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

#if defined (ACE_HAS_TLI)

  static ssize_t t_rcv_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          void *buf,
                          size_t len,
                          int *flags,
                          const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                          size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

#endif /* ACE_HAS_TLI */

  static ssize_t recv_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         void *buf,
                         size_t len,
                         const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                         size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  /// Receive into a variable number of pieces.
  /**
   * Accepts a variable, caller-specified, number of pointer/length
   * pairs. Arguments following @a n are char *, size_t pairs.
   *
   * @param handle The I/O handle to receive on
   * @param n      The total number of char *, size_t pairs following @a n.
   *
   * @return -1 on error, else total number of bytes received.
   */
  static ssize_t recv (ACE_HANDLE handle, size_t n, ...);

  static ssize_t recvv (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                        iovec *iov,
                        int iovcnt,
                        const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  static ssize_t recvv_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          iovec *iov,
                          int iovcnt,
                          const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                          size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  static ssize_t recv_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         ACE_Message_Block *message_block,
                         const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                         size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  static ssize_t send (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                       const void *buf,
                       size_t len,
                       int flags,
                       const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

#if defined (ACE_HAS_TLI)

  static ssize_t t_snd (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                        const void *buf,
                        size_t len,
                        int flags,
                        const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

#endif /* ACE_HAS_TLI */

  static ssize_t send (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                       const void *buf,
                       size_t len,
                       const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  static ssize_t sendmsg (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          const struct msghdr *msg,
                          int flags,
                          const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  static ssize_t sendto (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         const char *buf,
                         int len,
                         int flags,
                         const struct sockaddr *addr,
                         int addrlen,
                         const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  static ssize_t send_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         const void *buf,
                         size_t len,
                         int flags,
                         const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                         size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

#if defined (ACE_HAS_TLI)

  static ssize_t t_snd_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          const void *buf,
                          size_t len,
                          int flags,
                          const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                          size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

#endif /* ACE_HAS_TLI */

  static ssize_t send_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         const void *buf,
                         size_t len,
                         const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                         size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  /// Varargs variant.
  static ssize_t send (ACE_HANDLE handle, size_t n, ...);

  static ssize_t sendv (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                        const iovec *iov,
                        int iovcnt,
                        const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  static ssize_t sendv_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          const iovec *iov,
                          int iovcnt,
                          const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                          size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  /// Send all the <message_block>s chained through their <next> and
  /// <cont> pointers.  This call uses the underlying OS gather-write
  /// operation to reduce the domain-crossing penalty.
  static ssize_t send_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         const ACE_Message_Block *message_block,
                         const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0,
                         size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  // = File system I/O functions (these don't support timeouts).

  static ssize_t read_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         void *buf,
                         size_t len,
                         size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  static ssize_t write_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          const void *buf,
                          size_t len,
                          size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  /// Write all the <message_block>s chained through their <next> and
  /// <cont> pointers.  This call uses the underlying OS gather-write
  /// operation to reduce the domain-crossing penalty.
  static ssize_t write_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          const ACE_Message_Block *message_block,
                          size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  static ssize_t readv_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                          iovec *iov,
                          int iovcnt,
                          size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);

  static ssize_t writev_n (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           const iovec *iov,
                           int iovcnt,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred = 0);
  //@}

  /**
   * Wait up to <timeout> amount of time to passively establish a
   * connection.  This method doesn't perform the <accept>, it just
   * does the timed wait...
   */
  static int handle_timed_accept (ACE_HANDLE listener,
                                  ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                                  int restart);

  /**
   * Wait up to <timeout> amount of time to complete an actively
   * established non-blocking connection.  If <is_tli> is non-0 then
   * we are being called by a TLI wrapper (which behaves slightly
   * differently from a socket wrapper).
   */
  static ACE_HANDLE handle_timed_complete (ACE_HANDLE listener,
                                           const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                                           int is_tli = 0);

  /**
   * Reset the limit on the number of open handles.  If <new_limit> ==
   * -1 set the limit to the maximum allowable.  Otherwise, set it to
   * be the value of <new_limit>.
   */
  static int set_handle_limit (int new_limit = -1);

  /**
   * Returns the maximum number of open handles currently permitted in
   * this process.  This maximum may be extended using
   * <ACE::set_handle_limit>.
   */
  static int max_handles (void);

  // = String functions
#if !defined (ACE_HAS_WINCE)
  /**
   * Return a dynamically allocated duplicate of <str>, substituting
   * the environment variable if <str[0] == '$'>.  Note that the
   * pointer is allocated with <ACE_OS::malloc> and must be freed by
   * <ACE_OS::free>.
   */
  static ACE_TCHAR *strenvdup (const ACE_TCHAR *str);
#endif /* ACE_HAS_WINCE */

  /// Returns a pointer to the "end" of the string, i.e., the character
  /// past the '\0'.
  static const char *strend (const char *s);

  /// This method is just like <strdup>, except that it uses <operator
  /// new> rather than <malloc>.  If <s> is NULL returns NULL rather than
  /// segfaulting...
  static char *strnew (const char *s);

  /// Delete the memory allocated by <strnew>.
  static void strdelete (char *s);

  /// Create a fresh new copy of <str>, up to <n> chars long.  Uses
  /// <ACE_OS::malloc> to allocate the new string.
  static char *strndup (const char *str, size_t n);

  /// Create a fresh new copy of <str>, up to <n> chars long.  Uses
  /// <ACE_OS::malloc> to allocate the new string.
  static char *strnnew (const char *str, size_t n);

#if defined (ACE_HAS_WCHAR)
  static const wchar_t *strend (const wchar_t *s);

  static wchar_t *strnew (const wchar_t *s);

  static void strdelete (wchar_t *s);

  static wchar_t *strndup (const wchar_t *str, size_t n);

  static wchar_t *strnnew (const wchar_t *str, size_t n);

#endif /* ACE_HAS_WCHAR */

  /**
   * On Win32 returns <pathname> if it already ends in ".exe,"
   * otherwise returns a dynamically allocated buffer containing
   * "<pathname>.exe".  Always returns <pathname> on UNIX.
   */
  static const ACE_TCHAR *execname (const ACE_TCHAR *pathname);

  /**
   * Returns the "basename" of a <pathname> separated by <delim>.  For
   * instance, the basename of "/tmp/foo.cpp" is "foo.cpp" when
   * <delim> is '/'.
   */
  static const ACE_TCHAR *basename (const ACE_TCHAR *pathname,
                                    ACE_TCHAR delim =
                                      ACE_DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR_CHAR);

  /**
   * Returns the "dirname" of a <pathname>.  For instance, the dirname
   * of "/tmp/foo.cpp" is "/tmp" when <delim> is '/'.  If <pathname>
   * has no <delim> ".\0" is returned.  This method does not modify
   * <pathname> and is not reentrant.
   */
  static const ACE_TCHAR *dirname (const ACE_TCHAR *pathname,
                                   ACE_TCHAR delim = ACE_DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR_CHAR);

  /**
   * Returns the current timestamp in the form
   * "hour:minute:second:microsecond."  The month, day, and year are
   * also stored in the beginning of the <date_and_time> array, which
   * is a user-supplied array of size <time_len> <ACE_TCHAR>s.  Returns
   * 0 if unsuccessful, else returns pointer to beginning of the
   * "time" portion of <date_and_time>.  If
   * <return_pointer_to_first_digit> is 0 then return a pointer to the
   * space before the time, else return a pointer to the beginning of
   * the time portion.
   */
  static ACE_TCHAR *timestamp (ACE_TCHAR date_and_time[],
                               int time_len,
                               int return_pointer_to_first_digit = 0);

  /**
   * if <avoid_zombies> == 0 call <ACE_OS::fork> directly, else create
   * an orphan process that's inherited by the init process; init
   * cleans up when the orphan process terminates so we don't create
   * zombies.
   */
  static pid_t fork (const ACE_TCHAR *program_name = ACE_LIB_TEXT ("<unknown>"),
                     int avoid_zombies = 0);

  /**
   * Become a daemon process using the algorithm in Richard Stevens
   * "Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment."  If
   * <close_all_handles> is non-zero then all open file handles are
   * closed.
   */
  static int daemonize (const ACE_TCHAR pathname[] = ACE_LIB_TEXT ("/"),
                        int close_all_handles = ACE_DEFAULT_CLOSE_ALL_HANDLES,
                        const ACE_TCHAR program_name[] = ACE_LIB_TEXT ("<unknown>"));

  // = Miscelleous functions.
  /// Rounds the request to a multiple of the page size.
  static size_t round_to_pagesize (off_t length);

  /// Rounds the request to a multiple of the allocation granularity.
  static size_t round_to_allocation_granularity (off_t len);

  // @@ UNICODE what about buffer?
  /// Format buffer into printable format.  This is useful for
  /// debugging.
  static size_t format_hexdump (const char *buffer, size_t size,
                                ACE_TCHAR *obuf, size_t obuf_sz);

  /// Computes the hash value of <str> using the "Hash PJW" routine.
  static u_long hash_pjw (const char *str);

  /// Computes the hash value of <str> using the "Hash PJW" routine.
  static u_long hash_pjw (const char *str, size_t len);

#if defined (ACE_HAS_WCHAR)
  /// Computes the hash value of <str> using the "Hash PJW" routine.
  static u_long hash_pjw (const wchar_t *str);

  /// Computes the hash value of <str> using the "Hash PJW" routine.
  static u_long hash_pjw (const wchar_t *str, size_t len);
#endif /* ACE_HAS_WCHAR */

  /// Computes the ISO 8802-3 standard 32 bits CRC for the string
  /// (not for a file).
  static u_long crc32 (const char *str);

  /// Computes the ISO 8802-3 standard 32 bits CRC for the given
  /// buffer (the length is included in the CRC).
  static u_long crc32 (const char *buf, ACE_UINT32 len);

  /// Computes the ISO 8802-3 standard 32 bits CRC for the
  /// @ len iovec buffers.
  static u_long crc32 (iovec *iov, int len);

  /// Euclid's greatest common divisor algorithm.
  static u_long gcd (u_long x, u_long y);

  /// Calculates the minimum enclosing frame size for the given values.
  static u_long minimum_frame_size (u_long period1, u_long period2);

  /**
   * Function that can burn up noticeable CPU time:  brute-force
   * determination of whether number "n" is prime.  Returns 0 if
   * it is prime, or the smallest factor if it is not prime.  min_factor
   * and max_factor can be used to partition the work among threads.
   * For just one thread, typical values are 2 and n/2.
   */
  static u_long is_prime (const u_long n,
                          const u_long min_factor,
                          const u_long max_factor);

  /// Map troublesome win32 errno values to values that standard C
  /// strerr function understands.  Thank you Microsoft.
  static int map_errno (int error);

  /// Returns a string containing the error message corresponding to a
  /// WinSock error.  This works around an omission in the Win32 API...
  static const ACE_TCHAR *sock_error (int error);

  /**
   * Checks if process with <pid> is still alive.  Returns 1 if it is
   * still alive, 0 if it isn't alive, and -1 if something weird
   * happened.
   */
  static int process_active (pid_t pid);

  /**
   * Terminate the process abruptly with id <pid>.  On Win32 platforms
   * this uses <TerminateProcess> and on POSIX platforms is uses
   * <kill> with the -9 (SIGKILL) signal, which cannot be caught or
   * ignored.  Note that this call is potentially dangerous to use
   * since the process being terminated may not have a chance to
   * cleanup before it shuts down.
   */
  static int terminate_process (pid_t pid);

  /**
   * This method uses process id and object pointer to come up with a
   * machine wide unique name.  The process ID will provide uniqueness
   * between processes on the same machine. The "this" pointer of the
   * <object> will provide uniqueness between other "live" objects in
   * the same process. The uniqueness of this name is therefore only
   * valid for the life of <object>.
   */
  static void unique_name (const void *object,
                           ACE_TCHAR *name,
                           size_t length);

  /// Computes the base 2 logarithm of <num>.
  static u_long log2 (u_long num);

  /// Hex conversion utility.
  static ACE_TCHAR nibble2hex (u_int n);

  /// Convert a hex character to its byte representation.
  static u_char hex2byte (ACE_TCHAR c);

  // = Set/get the debug level.
  static char debug (void);
  static void debug (char d);

  /// Wrapper facade for <select> that uses <ACE_Handle_Set>s.
  static int select (int width,
                     ACE_Handle_Set *readfds,
                     ACE_Handle_Set *writefds = 0,
                     ACE_Handle_Set *exceptfds = 0,
                     const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  /// Wrapper facade for the most common use of <select> that uses
  /// <ACE_Handle_Set>s.
  static int select (int width,
                     ACE_Handle_Set &readfds,
                     const ACE_Time_Value *timeout = 0);

  /// Timed wait for handle to get read ready.
  static int handle_read_ready (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                                const ACE_Time_Value *timeout);

  /// Timed wait for handle to get write ready.
  static int handle_write_ready (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                                 const ACE_Time_Value *timeout);

  /// Timed wait for handle to get exception ready.
  static int handle_exception_ready (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                                     const ACE_Time_Value *timeout);

  /// Timed wait for handle to get read, write, or exception ready.
  static int handle_ready (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                           int read_ready,
                           int write_ready,
                           int exception_ready);

  /// Wait for <timeout> before proceeding to a <recv> operation.
  /// <val> keeps track of whether we're in non-blocking mode or not.
  static int enter_recv_timedwait (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                                   const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                                   int &val);

  /// Wait for <timeout> before proceeding to a <send> operation.
  /// <val> keeps track of whether we're in non-blocking mode or not.
  static int enter_send_timedwait (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                                   const ACE_Time_Value* timeout,
                                   int &val);

  /// This makes sure that <handle> is set into non-blocking mode.
  /// <val> keeps track of whether were in non-blocking mode or not.
  static void record_and_set_non_blocking_mode (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                                                int &val);

  /// Cleanup after a timed operation, restore the appropriate
  /// non-blocking status of <handle>.
  static void restore_non_blocking_mode (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                                         int val);

private:

  //
  // = Recv_n helpers
  //

  static ssize_t recv_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         void *buf,
                         size_t len);

  static ssize_t recv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           void *buf,
                           size_t len,
                           int flags,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t recv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           void *buf,
                           size_t len,
                           int flags,
                           const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred);

#if defined (ACE_HAS_TLI)

  static ssize_t t_rcv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                            void *buf,
                            size_t len,
                            int *flags,
                            size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t t_rcv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                            void *buf,
                            size_t len,
                            int *flags,
                            const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                            size_t *bytes_transferred);

#endif /* ACE_HAS_TLI */

  static ssize_t recv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           void *buf,
                           size_t len,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t recv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           void *buf,
                           size_t len,
                           const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t recvv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                            iovec *iov,
                            int iovcnt,
                            size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t recvv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                            iovec *iov,
                            int iovcnt,
                            const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                            size_t *bytes_transferred);

  //
  // = Send_n helpers
  //

  static ssize_t send_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                         const void *buf,
                         size_t len);

  static ssize_t send_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           const void *buf,
                           size_t len,
                           int flags,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t send_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           const void *buf,
                           size_t len,
                           int flags,
                           const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred);

#if defined (ACE_HAS_TLI)

  static ssize_t t_snd_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                            const void *buf,
                            size_t len,
                            int flags,
                            size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t t_snd_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                            const void *buf,
                            size_t len,
                            int flags,
                            const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                            size_t *bytes_transferred);

#endif /* ACE_HAS_TLI */

  static ssize_t send_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           const void *buf,
                           size_t len,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t send_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                           const void *buf,
                           size_t len,
                           const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                           size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t sendv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                            const iovec *iov,
                            int iovcnt,
                            size_t *bytes_transferred);

  static ssize_t sendv_n_i (ACE_HANDLE handle,
                            const iovec *iov,
                            int iovcnt,
                            const ACE_Time_Value *timeout,
                            size_t *bytes_transferred);

  /// Size of a VM page.
  static size_t pagesize_;

  /// Size of allocation granularity.
  static size_t allocation_granularity_;

  /// CRC table.
  static u_long crc_table_[];

  /// Hex characters.
  static const ACE_TCHAR hex_chars_[];

  /// Are we debugging ACE?
  static char debug_;
};

#if !defined (ACE_LACKS_INLINE_FUNCTIONS)
#include "ace/ACE.i"
#endif /* ACE_LACKS_INLINE_FUNCTIONS */

#if defined (acelog2)
# define log2 acelog2
#endif /* acelog2 */

#include "ace/post.h"
#endif  /* ACE_ACE_H */

---